西安鍛銅雕塑淺析銅材料以及加工工藝
來源：向日葵短視頻:www.ytbeishan.com 發布時間：2019年01月11日
金屬是向日葵短視頻:西(xi)安鍛銅(tong)雕塑中最常見的材料之一，在鍛銅雕塑藝術發展的歷史長河中，用不同種類的金屬制造的雕塑作品非常多而且有非常重要的歷史地位和價值。不論是純粹的雕塑藝術還是日常生活所用的器皿都有金屬雕塑的優秀范例。金屬是天然的材料，它具有永恒性和高貴性，從而具有廣泛的實用價值和審美價值。金屬材料硬度高、韌性好、光澤亮，是雕塑的主要材料之一。金屬材料經過高溫可以溶化成液體，然后將其澆注入相應的模具里，待其冷卻之后即可成型為雕塑。古代人們所使用的工具、生活用品、打仗的武器都是如此制成，我國在很早以前的夏商周到春秋戰國時期的青銅器鑄造就已經達到了一個頂峰。而銅材料是制作雕塑的主要金屬材料。
一、銅的物理化學性質及其分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)人類發(fa)現最早而(er)且(qie)又是(shi)(shi)常被(bei)應用得(de)(de)得(de)(de)心應手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)符號(hao)是(shi)(shi)Cu、原(yuan)子序數是(shi)(shi)29、原(yuan)子量(liang)是(shi)(shi)63.546，色澤(ze)呈(cheng)玫瑰紅色，比重(zhong)是(shi)(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)點(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸點(dian)(dian)：2582℃，抗(kang)拉強度(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質地軟(ruan)而(er)韌，其延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能好(hao)，易(yi)塑(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)加工(gong)，導(dao)電性(xing)(xing)(xing)及導(dao)熱(re)性(xing)(xing)(xing)優良(liang)，良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋(xuan)(xuan)光性(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)，尤其是(shi)(shi)加熱(re)更易(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)，不能做(zuo)防(fang)護(hu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)，會和(he)空氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)作(zuo)(zuo)用生成(cheng)(cheng)褐色硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會和(he)空氣(qi)中(zhong)二氧化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)作(zuo)(zuo)用形成(cheng)(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會和(he)空氣(qi)中(zhong)氯形成(cheng)(cheng)氯化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)具有(you)良(liang)好(hao)均(jun)勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)、致(zhi)密(mi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、附(fu)著性(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋(pao)旋(xuan)(xuan)光性(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)，所(suo)以(yi)可(ke)(ke)做(zuo)其它電鍍(du)(du)金(jin)屬(shu)之底鍍(du)(du)鍍(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)。鍍(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)可(ke)(ke)做(zuo)為防(fang)止(zhi)滲碳(tan)氮化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一(yi)可(ke)(ke)實用于(yu)鋅鑄件電鍍(du)(du)打(da)底用。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來源充足(zu)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容易(yi)電鍍(du)(du)，容易(yi)控制(zhi)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電鍍(du)(du)量(liang)僅(jin)次于(yu)鎳(nie)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)單純(chun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)屬(shu)，性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)而(er)熔(rong)點(dian)(dian)低，容易(yi)加工(gong)。所(suo)以(yi)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)藝(yi)絕(jue)大(da)部分(fen)是(shi)(shi)指紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)言(yan)。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)富(fu)延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，又能很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)現作(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)作(zuo)(zuo)意(yi)圖，且(qie)色澤(ze)渾厚、穩(wen)重(zhong)，可(ke)(ke)和(he)各種裝飾材(cai)(cai)(cai)料、各種環境配合(he)，既可(ke)(ke)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)大(da)型(xing)壁(bi)畫、雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)，又可(ke)(ke)做(zuo)靈活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局(ju)部點(dian)(dian)綴裝飾。所(suo)以(yi)這種工(gong)藝(yi)受到很多藝(yi)術家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)愛，成(cheng)(cheng)為許多壁(bi)畫、雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)(cai)(cai)料。黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加入金(jin)屬(shu)錫冶煉而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其性(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)較(jiao)硬(ying)，相對延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)差，板材(cai)(cai)(cai)易(yi)變形，所(suo)以(yi)一(yi)般只適于(yu)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)些折皺少、大(da)塊面積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等(deng)。青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在天(tian)然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料里加入了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫等(deng)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料后熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)為青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)度(du)要比原(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但是(shi)(shi)熔(rong)點(dian)(dian)卻由(you)原(yuan)初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料易(yi)加工(gong)，有(you)一(yi)定準確度(du)，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)，并有(you)一(yi)種華(hua)貴、古雅、莊重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色彩。
二、向日葵短視頻:西安鍛(duan)銅浮雕的加工工藝
銅經過不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)加工(gong)技術(shu)和(he)(he)工(gong)藝(yi)程序，會產生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)視覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)感和(he)(he)觸覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)感。銅制(zhi)雕塑(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)是(shi)(shi)集材(cai)質之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)、工(gong)藝(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)和(he)(he)藝(yi)術(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)三(san)(san)者綜合的(de)(de)結(jie)晶。因此，學(xue)習和(he)(he)研究銅制(zhi)雕塑(su)(su)(su)需(xu)要(yao)從這三(san)(san)者入手，即(ji)使是(shi)(shi)藝(yi)術(shu)欣賞也(ye)是(shi)(shi)需(xu)要(yao)這三(san)(san)方(fang)(fang)面來進行，如果(guo)只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)從一個方(fang)(fang)面就很難了解(jie)和(he)(he)把握(wo)銅制(zhi)雕塑(su)(su)(su)藝(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)真諦和(he)(he)豐富的(de)(de)內涵(han)。由于不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)種類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)銅材(cai)料和(he)(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)造(zao)型(xing)(xing)、結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)銅制(zhi)雕塑(su)(su)(su)對加工(gong)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)要(yao)求也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)。所以成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)制(zhi)作方(fang)(fang)法主要(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)鑄造(zao)、鍛造(zao)、焊接、鉚接、切割等五大(da)加工(gong)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)，而且在裝(zhuang)飾工(gong)藝(yi)方(fang)(fang)面還主要(yao)有鑲嵌、雕金、鍍金和(he)(he)鍍銀(yin)三(san)(san)大(da)類(lei)(lei)。
（一）鑄造工(gong)藝
鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)工藝(yi)是銅雕塑的最古老(lao)的成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工藝(yi)之一，它(ta)的加工方法(fa)是首先要(yao)用黏土(tu)或(huo)者(zhe)其它(ta)可塑材料(liao)做(zuo)出原型(xing)(xing)，然后再翻成(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)，之后進行(xing)澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。根(gen)據鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)材料(liao)的不(bu)同，主要(yao)分為陶范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)、金屬范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)和失蠟鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)（也稱翻沙(sha)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄造
它是(shi)(shi)我(wo)國最古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)技術之(zhi)一，我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)早在(zai)商代就熟練(lian)地(di)掌握了(le)(le)這種工藝(yi)，并(bing)用(yong)此工藝(yi)制作(zuo)了(le)(le)大量的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)藝(yi)術珍品，成就了(le)(le)享譽世界的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)文化(hua)。陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)方(fang)法首先(xian)是(shi)(shi)制范(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)”是(shi)(shi)指用(yong)于(yu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)模子，制作(zuo)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)要(yao)(yao)精選細黏土敷在(zai)模型(xing)(xing)上(shang)，待半干(gan)(gan)時分塊取下陰干(gan)(gan)，干(gan)(gan)透的(de)(de)(de)泥范(fan)(fan)(fan)再經(jing)焙燒成為(wei)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這就形成了(le)(le)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)分片多(duo)少視造(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)復雜程度而定(ding)。如果要(yao)(yao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)成中空的(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑或器物，在(zai)做(zuo)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)后(hou)還要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)內范(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)與內范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)距離就是(shi)(shi)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)厚度。陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)部(bu)要(yao)(yao)預先(xian)做(zuo)好(hao)澆(jiao)注(zhu)口和出氣孔。最后(hou)把內、外范(fan)(fan)(fan)合起(qi)來(lai)，并(bing)敷上(shang)泥層進行(xing)加固。做(zuo)好(hao)上(shang)述工作(zuo)，即可以熔銅(tong)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)了(le)(le)。對于(yu)造(zao)型(xing)(xing)復雜的(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑，陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)往往無法一次成型(xing)(xing)，因(yin)此需要(yao)(yao)采用(yong)分鑄(zhu)(zhu)法。比(bi)如全身人(ren)像雕(diao)(diao)塑，我(wo)們將其頭與身體、四(si)肢(zhi)分別制成陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)，先(xian)將四(si)肢(zhi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)好(hao)暫不(bu)拿出，再與軀(qu)干(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)對接起(qi)來(lai)，澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)軀(qu)干(gan)(gan)時四(si)肢(zhi)便與軀(qu)干(gan)(gan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)成一體了(le)(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營向日葵短視頻:鍛銅雕塑定制,浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
一、銅的物理化學性質及其分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)人類發(fa)現最早而(er)且(qie)又是(shi)(shi)常被(bei)應用得(de)(de)得(de)(de)心應手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)符號(hao)是(shi)(shi)Cu、原(yuan)子序數是(shi)(shi)29、原(yuan)子量(liang)是(shi)(shi)63.546，色澤(ze)呈(cheng)玫瑰紅色，比重(zhong)是(shi)(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)點(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸點(dian)(dian)：2582℃，抗(kang)拉強度(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質地軟(ruan)而(er)韌，其延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能好(hao)，易(yi)塑(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)加工(gong)，導(dao)電性(xing)(xing)(xing)及導(dao)熱(re)性(xing)(xing)(xing)優良(liang)，良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋(xuan)(xuan)光性(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)，尤其是(shi)(shi)加熱(re)更易(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)，不能做(zuo)防(fang)護(hu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)，會和(he)空氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)作(zuo)(zuo)用生成(cheng)(cheng)褐色硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會和(he)空氣(qi)中(zhong)二氧化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)作(zuo)(zuo)用形成(cheng)(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會和(he)空氣(qi)中(zhong)氯形成(cheng)(cheng)氯化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)具有(you)良(liang)好(hao)均(jun)勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)、致(zhi)密(mi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、附(fu)著性(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋(pao)旋(xuan)(xuan)光性(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)，所(suo)以(yi)可(ke)(ke)做(zuo)其它電鍍(du)(du)金(jin)屬(shu)之底鍍(du)(du)鍍(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)。鍍(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)可(ke)(ke)做(zuo)為防(fang)止(zhi)滲碳(tan)氮化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一(yi)可(ke)(ke)實用于(yu)鋅鑄件電鍍(du)(du)打(da)底用。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來源充足(zu)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容易(yi)電鍍(du)(du)，容易(yi)控制(zhi)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電鍍(du)(du)量(liang)僅(jin)次于(yu)鎳(nie)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)單純(chun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)屬(shu)，性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)而(er)熔(rong)點(dian)(dian)低，容易(yi)加工(gong)。所(suo)以(yi)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)藝(yi)絕(jue)大(da)部分(fen)是(shi)(shi)指紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)言(yan)。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)富(fu)延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，又能很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)現作(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)作(zuo)(zuo)意(yi)圖，且(qie)色澤(ze)渾厚、穩(wen)重(zhong)，可(ke)(ke)和(he)各種裝飾材(cai)(cai)(cai)料、各種環境配合(he)，既可(ke)(ke)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)大(da)型(xing)壁(bi)畫、雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)，又可(ke)(ke)做(zuo)靈活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局(ju)部點(dian)(dian)綴裝飾。所(suo)以(yi)這種工(gong)藝(yi)受到很多藝(yi)術家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)愛，成(cheng)(cheng)為許多壁(bi)畫、雕(diao)(diao)塑(su)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)(cai)(cai)料。黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加入金(jin)屬(shu)錫冶煉而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其性(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)較(jiao)硬(ying)，相對延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)差，板材(cai)(cai)(cai)易(yi)變形，所(suo)以(yi)一(yi)般只適于(yu)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)些折皺少、大(da)塊面積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等(deng)。青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在天(tian)然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料里加入了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫等(deng)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料后熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)為青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)度(du)要比原(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但是(shi)(shi)熔(rong)點(dian)(dian)卻由(you)原(yuan)初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料易(yi)加工(gong)，有(you)一(yi)定準確度(du)，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)，并有(you)一(yi)種華(hua)貴、古雅、莊重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色彩。
銅經過不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)加工(gong)技術(shu)和(he)(he)工(gong)藝(yi)程序，會產生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)視覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)感和(he)(he)觸覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)感。銅制(zhi)雕塑(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)是(shi)(shi)集材(cai)質之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)、工(gong)藝(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)和(he)(he)藝(yi)術(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)三(san)(san)者綜合的(de)(de)結(jie)晶。因此，學(xue)習和(he)(he)研究銅制(zhi)雕塑(su)(su)(su)需(xu)要(yao)從這三(san)(san)者入手，即(ji)使是(shi)(shi)藝(yi)術(shu)欣賞也(ye)是(shi)(shi)需(xu)要(yao)這三(san)(san)方(fang)(fang)面來進行，如果(guo)只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)從一個方(fang)(fang)面就很難了解(jie)和(he)(he)把握(wo)銅制(zhi)雕塑(su)(su)(su)藝(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)真諦和(he)(he)豐富的(de)(de)內涵(han)。由于不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)種類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)銅材(cai)料和(he)(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)造(zao)型(xing)(xing)、結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)銅制(zhi)雕塑(su)(su)(su)對加工(gong)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)要(yao)求也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)。所以成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)制(zhi)作方(fang)(fang)法主要(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)鑄造(zao)、鍛造(zao)、焊接、鉚接、切割等五大(da)加工(gong)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)，而且在裝(zhuang)飾工(gong)藝(yi)方(fang)(fang)面還主要(yao)有鑲嵌、雕金、鍍金和(he)(he)鍍銀(yin)三(san)(san)大(da)類(lei)(lei)。
（一）鑄造工(gong)藝
鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)工藝(yi)是銅雕塑的最古老(lao)的成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工藝(yi)之一，它(ta)的加工方法(fa)是首先要(yao)用黏土(tu)或(huo)者(zhe)其它(ta)可塑材料(liao)做(zuo)出原型(xing)(xing)，然后再翻成(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)，之后進行(xing)澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。根(gen)據鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)材料(liao)的不(bu)同，主要(yao)分為陶范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)、金屬范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)和失蠟鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)（也稱翻沙(sha)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄造
它是(shi)(shi)我(wo)國最古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)技術之(zhi)一，我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)早在(zai)商代就熟練(lian)地(di)掌握了(le)(le)這種工藝(yi)，并(bing)用(yong)此工藝(yi)制作(zuo)了(le)(le)大量的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)藝(yi)術珍品，成就了(le)(le)享譽世界的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)文化(hua)。陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)方(fang)法首先(xian)是(shi)(shi)制范(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)”是(shi)(shi)指用(yong)于(yu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)模子，制作(zuo)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)要(yao)(yao)精選細黏土敷在(zai)模型(xing)(xing)上(shang)，待半干(gan)(gan)時分塊取下陰干(gan)(gan)，干(gan)(gan)透的(de)(de)(de)泥范(fan)(fan)(fan)再經(jing)焙燒成為(wei)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這就形成了(le)(le)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)分片多(duo)少視造(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)復雜程度而定(ding)。如果要(yao)(yao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)成中空的(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑或器物，在(zai)做(zuo)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)后(hou)還要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)內范(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)與內范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)距離就是(shi)(shi)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)厚度。陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)部(bu)要(yao)(yao)預先(xian)做(zuo)好(hao)澆(jiao)注(zhu)口和出氣孔。最后(hou)把內、外范(fan)(fan)(fan)合起(qi)來(lai)，并(bing)敷上(shang)泥層進行(xing)加固。做(zuo)好(hao)上(shang)述工作(zuo)，即可以熔銅(tong)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)了(le)(le)。對于(yu)造(zao)型(xing)(xing)復雜的(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑，陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)往往無法一次成型(xing)(xing)，因(yin)此需要(yao)(yao)采用(yong)分鑄(zhu)(zhu)法。比(bi)如全身人(ren)像雕(diao)(diao)塑，我(wo)們將其頭與身體、四(si)肢(zhi)分別制成陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)，先(xian)將四(si)肢(zhi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)好(hao)暫不(bu)拿出，再與軀(qu)干(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)對接起(qi)來(lai)，澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)軀(qu)干(gan)(gan)時四(si)肢(zhi)便與軀(qu)干(gan)(gan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)成一體了(le)(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營向日葵短視頻:鍛銅雕塑定制,浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
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